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Are Audiologists Turning a Deaf Ear Towards Central Auditory Processing Disorders?

Dayalan Jesudas, Prince George, British Columbia

The daring audiologist who raises the topic of central auditory processing disorders, or CAPD, might be like Noah telling his people about the flood. There is skepticism among some audiologists regarding the existence of CAPD in children and some audiologists report that they are alienated for recommending tests for CAPD.

What exactly is CAPD? According to an ASHA definition, central auditory processes are the auditory system mechanisms and processes responsible for the following behavioural phenomena:

  • sound localisation and lateralisation;
  • auditory discrimination;
  • temporal aspects of audition including temporal resolution, temporal masking, temporal integration, temporal ordering;
  • auditory performance decrements with competing acoustic signals; and
  • auditory performance decrements with degraded acoustic signals (ASHA, 1996).

Thus, a CAPD is observed if any of the above mentioned auditory behaviours are observed despite the presence of normal peripheral hearing.

Musiek and Lamb (1994), in a chapter on CAPD in Jack Katz’s Handbook of Clinical Audiology, write that "central auditory nervous system assessment represents an interesting and vital area that demands attention if audiology as a profession is to realise its total potential" (p. 207). Interesting and vital area? It is my impression that there are more than a few audiologists who might disagree with that statement. Time, facilities, availability of tests, expense, lack of knowledge and experience, the fear of over-diagnosing CAPD, and the concern that one’s office may be flooded with requests for assistive listening devices, as well as a general fear of the unknown, are perhaps some of the reasons.

"No one profession has stepped forward to claim this area as their own", write Northern and Davis (1991, p. 172). In fact, almost every clinical audiology text contains a chapter on CAPD. Several audiology texts have been published in this area. Tests for CAPD are now available on CD-ROM; web sites and listservs dedicated to discussion of CAPD have mushroomed on the Internet.

Failure to correctly recognise phonemes has been proposed as an underlying factor in reading disabilities or dyslexia (Shaywitz, 1996). Auditory physiological evidence has been collected and documented on children with language learning disabilities (Kraus et al., 1996). Canadians have been at the forefront in treating such children (Sloan, 1980). Manufacturers have been producing assistive listening devices such as personal or classroom amplification systems aimed at helping children with learning disabilities. Computer games have come onto the market to help in remediating auditory perceptual difficulties. Experienced audiologists have written about the practice of providing hearing aids for children with normal hearing, including the ones with learning disabilities or auditory deficits (Matkin, 1996). Yet the practice continues to be considered controversial.

One group of audiologists and related professionals, however, is attempting to tackle the controversy constructively. A CAPD study group in Vancouver, headed by Dorothy Fairholm, was formed in 1995. The group is comprised of audiologists, speech-language pathologists, and psychologists. Since their formation in 1995, they have produced an information package on issues related to the diagnosis and management of CAPD. The group also recognised a need to have a centre in British Columbia where children could be referred and tested. Currently in B.C., both the Vancouver Health Department and the Capital Regional District Hearing Clinic in Victoria offer tests for central auditory processing. I am told that St. Mary’s Hospital in New Westminster offers such tests too.

Still, for many parents, confusion abounds. To obtain an assistive listening device for the classroom, some school boards demand that the child demonstrates a permanent peripheral hearing loss that requires hearing aids. This effectively eliminates children with auditory processing difficulties. Hall and Mueller (1997) argue that auditory processing disorders are real and that audiologists can make a difference in the lives of these children, if they will get involved.

I am not suggesting that every audiology clinic in Canada needs to be involved in this area; however, two or three centres in each province need to be equipped and geared towards diagnosing and managing auditory processing disorders. What do you think? Write to me c/o Communiqué (or send me an e-mail: DSJESUDA@BCSC02.GOV.BC.CA) to share your opinions on this topic.

 

Editor’s note: Members interested in CAPD can access relevant information through the Connections page of the CASLPA web site.

References

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (1996). Central auditory processing: Current status of research and implications for clinical practice. American Journal of Audiology, 5, 41-43.

Fairholm, D. (1997). Issues in diagnosis and management of central auditory processing disorders. Vancouver: Vancouver Health Department.

Hall, J. W., III, & Mueller, H. G., III. (1997). Audiologist’s desk reference (Vol. 1). San Diego, CA: Singular.

Kraus, N., McGee, T. J., Carrell, T. D., Zecker, S. G., Nicol, T. G., & Koch, D. B. (1996). Auditory neurophysiologic responses and discrimination deficits in children with learning problems. Science, 273, 971-973.

Matkin, N. (1996). The potential benefits of amplification for young children with normal hearing. In F. H. Bess, J.S. Gravel, & A. M. Tharpe (Eds.) Amplification for children with auditory deficits (pp. 311-320). Nashville, TN: Bill Wilkerson Center Press.

Musiek, F. E., & Lamb, L. (1994). Central auditory assessment: An overview. In J. Katz (Ed.) Handbook of clinical audiology (4th ed., pp. 197-211). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

Northern, J. L., & Downs, M. P. (1991). Hearing in children (4th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

Shaywitz, S. E. (1996, November). Dyslexia. Scientific American, 98-104.

Sloan, C. (1980). Treating auditory processing difficulties in children. Boston, MA: College-Hill.

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A l'écoute

Les audiologistes font-ils la sourde oreille aux troubles des voies auditives centrales?

Dayalan Jesudas, Prince George, British Columbia

Les audiologistes audacieux qui soulèvent la question des troubles des voies auditives centrales (TVAC) sont comme Noé informant son peuple du déluge. Certains audiologistes sont sceptiques quant à l’existence des TVAC chez les enfants, et quelques audiologistes indiquent qu’ils font l’objet de critiques parce qu’ils recommandent des tests pour déceler les TVAC.

Que sont exactement les TVAC? Selon la définition de l’ASHA, les processus auditifs centraux sont les mécanismes et les processus du système auditif qui permettent les phénomènes comportementaux suivants :

  • la localisation et la latéralisation du son;
  • la discrimination auditive;
  • les aspects temporels de l’audition, y compris la résolution temporelle, masquage temporel, l’intégration temporelle, la succession temporelle;
  • les diminutions du rendement auditif accompagnées de signaux acoustiques concurrentiels; et
  • les diminutions du rendement auditif accompagnées de la baisse des signaux acoustiques (ASHA, 1996).

Ainsi, on observe des TVAC lorsque n’importe lequel des comportements auditifs susmentionnés se produisent malgré la présence d’audition périphérique normale.

Dans un chapitre sur les TVAC publié dans le Handbook of Clinical Audiology de Jack Katz, Musiek et Lamb (1994) écrivent que « l’évaluation du système nerveux auditif central représente un domaine intéressant et vital dont il faut s’occuper pour que l’audiologie comme profession atteigne son plein potentiel » (p. 207). Un domaine intéressant et crucial? J’ai l’impression que plusieurs audiologistes sont susceptibles d’être en désaccord avec cet énoncé. Le temps, les installations, la disponibilité de tests, les dépenses, le manque de connaissances et d’expérience, la crainte de porter un diagnostic trop hâtif sur les TVAC, et le fait que les cliniques soient inondés de demandes d’aides de suppléances à l’audition, ainsi qu’une crainte de l’inconnu en général, sont sans doute quelques-unes des raisons qui viennent appuyer cette opinion.

D’après Northern et Davis (1991, p. 172), « aucune profession n’a pris l’initiative de s’approprier ce domaine ». En fait, presque chaque texte sur l’audiologie clinique contient un chapitre sur les TVAC. Plusieurs textes sur l’audiologie ont été publiés dans ce domaine. Les tests servant à déceler les TVAC sont maintenant disponibles sur CD-ROM; en outre, des sites web et des serveurs de listes consacrés aux discussions sur les TVAC foisonnent sur l’Internet.

On a suggéré que le fait de ne pas reconnaître les phonèmes est un facteur sous-jacent des incapacités à lire ou dyslexie (Shaywitz, 1996). En ce qui concerne les enfants ayant des difficultés d’apprentissage linguistique, des preuves sur la physiologie auditive ont été recueillies et documentées (Kraus et coll., 1996). En fait, les Canadiens se situent à l’avant-garde du traitement de ces enfants (Sloan, 1980). Les fabricants usinent des moyens de suppléance à l’audition pour malentendants tels que les systèmes d’amplification utilisés individuellement ou en classe. Ces aides techniques visent à assister les enfants ayant des difficultés d’apprentissage. Sur le marché, des jeux informatiques permettent de remédier aux difficultés auditives perceptives. Des audiologistes expérimentés ont rédigé des textes sur la pratique de la prestation de prothèses auditives aux enfants ayant une audition normale, y compris ceux ayant des difficultés d’apprentissage ou des déficiences auditives (Matkin, 1996). Pourtant, cette pratique continue à faire l’objet de controverse.

Toutefois, un groupe d’audiologistes et de professionnels connexes tente de s’attaquer à la controverse de façon constructive. À Vancouver, un groupe d’étude sur les TVAC, dirigé par Dorothy Fairholm, a été formé en 1995. Le groupe comprenait des audiologistes, des orthophonistes et des psychologues. Depuis la formation du groupe en 1995, celui-ci a produit une trousse d’information sur des questions liées au diagnostic et à la gestion des TVAC. Il a aussi déterminé qu’il est nécessaire d’établir, en Colombie-Britannique, un centre vers lequel les enfants pourraient être référés et évalués. Actuellement, dans cette province, le Vancouver Health Department et la Capital Regional District Hearing Clinic à Victoria offrent des tests portant sur les TVAC. On m’a dit que l’hôpital St. Mary’s à New Westminster effectue aussi de tels tests.

Pourtant, la confusion règne chez de nombreux parents à ce chapitre. Afin d’obtenir une aide de suppléance à l’audition, certains conseils scolaires exigent que l’enfant démontre une surdité permanente périphérique, état qui exige une prothèse auditive. En fait, cela élimine les enfants ayant des TVAC. Hall et Mueller (1997) soutiennent que les TVAC sont réels et que les audiologistes peuvent apporter un changement important dans la vie de ces enfants, à condition de participer au débat.

Je ne suggère pas que chaque clinique d’audiologie au Canada doive offrir des services dans ce domaine; il faudrait toutefois que, dans chaque province, deux ou trois centres se dotent d’équipement permettant de diagnostiquer et de traiter les TVAC, et ces centres devraient être axés sur ces diagnostics et ce traitement. Qu’en pensez-vous? Écrivez-moi aux soins de Communiqué ou au DSJESUDA@BCSC02.GOV.BC.CA pour me communiquer vos opinions à ce sujet.

Note de la rédactrice en chef : Les membres qui s’intéressent aux TVAC peuvent consulter la page Connexions du site web de l’ACOA.

Ouvrages de référence

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (1996). Central auditory processing: Current status of research and implications for clinical practice. American Journal of Audiology, 5, 41-43.

Fairholm, D. (1997). Issues in diagnosis and management of central auditory processing disorders. Vancouver: Vancouver Health Department.

Hall, J. W., III, & Mueller, H. G., III. (1997). Audiologist’s desk reference (Vol. 1). San Diego, CA: Singular.

Kraus, N., McGee, T. J., Carrell, T. D., Zecker, S. G., Nicol, T. G., & Koch, D. B. (1996). Auditory neurophysiologic responses and discrimination deficits in children with learning problems. Science, 273, 971-973.

Matkin, N. (1996). The potential benefits of amplification for young children with normal hearing. In F. H. Bess, J.S. Gravel, & A. M. Tharpe (Eds.) Amplification for children with auditory deficits (pp. 311-320). Nashville, TN: Bill Wilkerson Center Press.

Musiek, F. E., & Lamb, L. (1994). Central auditory assessment: An overview. In J. Katz (Ed.) Handbook of clinical audiology (4th ed., pp. 197-211). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

Northern, J. L., & Downs, M. P. (1991). Hearing in children (4th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

Shaywitz, S. E. (1996, Nov.). Dyslexia. Scientific American, 98-104.

Sloan, C. (1980). Treating auditory processing difficulties in children. Boston, MA: College-Hill.

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